2024年2月19日发(作者：倪含雁)
Simon’s IELTS Writing Task 1
Question types
1.
2.
3.
4.
Line graph
Bar chart
Pie chart
Table
5. Diagram-comparing
6. Diagram-process
Numbers
Describe
Compare
Changes/trends
Essay structure
(4 paragraphs )
1. Introduction
One sentence : Paraphrase the question
2. Overview
2 sentences :The main , general things
3. Details
4. Details
3+4: Why 2 paragraphs ?
This makes you organize or ‘group’ the information better
(or put the overview at the end)
No conclusion!!
Line graph ( Line graph show numbers changing over a period of time )
You will not see a graph with only one line .
You will almost definitely see 2/3/4/5 lines.
Your job is to compare the lines , not describe them separately.
Frist , make a very general comparison .( Summary / overview paragraph )
Second , compare the lines at specific point . (‘details’ paragraphs )
For example ：4 lines
You can’t describe everything
Write at least one thing about each line.
你看不到只有一条线的图形。
你会看到2/3/4/5条线。
你要对这些线条进行比较，而不是单独描述它们。
首先，做一个非常一般的比较。（总结/概述段落）
第二，比较这些线条的特定的节点。（‘细节’段落）
Paragraph 1 : Introduction
The graph below shows electricity production (in terawatt hours ) in France between
1980 and 2012 .
改写：The line graph compares the amount of electricity produced in France using
four differdent sources of power over a period of 32 years.
这个折线图比较了法国在32年间使用四种不同电源的发电量。
Paragraph 2 :Overview—2 sentences , 2 main points.
It is clear that nuclear power was by far the most important means of electricity
generation over the period shown . renewables provided the lowest amount of
electricity in each year.
很明显，在所示期间，核能是迄今为止最重要的发电方式，可再生能源每年提供的电力量最低。
Paragraph 3 : Detail — 2 paragraphs , compare the lines
In 1980 , thermal power stations were the main source of electricity in France,
generating around 120 terawatt hours of power . Nuclear and hydroelectric power
stations produced just
under 75 terawatt hours of electricity each, and renewables
provided a negligible amount . Just one year later , nuclear power overtook thermal
power as the primary source of electricity .
1980年，法国的主要电力来源是火力发电站，发电量约为120太瓦每时。核电站和水力发电站每台发电量不到75太瓦每时，可再生能源的发电量微不足道。仅仅一年后，核电就取代了火电成为主要的电力来源。
Important tip when describing numbers:
You can’t write : Nuclear was 75 terawatt hours of electricity.
Nuclear produced 75 terawatt hours of electricity
You must write : Nuclear power was used to produce 75 terawatt hours of electricity.
Nuclear power station produced 75 terawatt hours of electricity.
Paragraph 4
Between 1980 and 2005 , electricity production from nuclear power rose dramatically
to a peak of 430 terawatt hours . By contrast , the figure for thermal power fell to only
50 terawatt hours in 1985 , and remained at this level for the rest of the period .
Hydroelectric power generation remained relatively stable , at between 50 and 80
terawatt hours , for the whole 35 year period , but renewable electricity production
saw only a small rise to approximately 25 terawatt hours by 2012 .
从1980年到2005年，核能发电量急剧上升到430太瓦时的峰值。相比之下，在1985年，火力发电的数字下降到只有50太瓦时，并在之后保持在这个水平。水力发电在整个35年期间保持相对稳定，在50至80太瓦时之间，但可再生电力产量到2012年，仅小幅上升至约25太瓦时。
Vocabulary： paraphrasing改写 comparing比较 describing changes描述变化
Amount of electricity produced 发电量
Source of / provided / generating来源/提供/产生
Means of electricity generation发电方式
Over a period of / over the period shown在所示期间内
By far the most important到目前为止最重要的
a negligible amount可忽略的数量
nuclear power overtook thermal power核电超过火电
as the primary source of electricity作为主要的电力来源
rose dramatically to a peak of急剧上升到
by contrast相比之下 the figure for……的数字
remained at this level,remained stable 保持在这个水平，保持稳定
saw only a small rise只看到一个小的上升
Bar chart
Bar chart can show numbers changing over a period of time .This type of bar chart is
the same as line graph.
However! Bar chart don’t always show time…
They often only compare numbers
So , your job is to compare the bars.
First , make a very general comparison ( summary / overview paragraph )
Second , compare specific numbers ( ‘details’ paragraphs )
Bar chart question
4 paragraphs :
1
2
3
4
Introduction
Overview
Details
Details
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question第1段：引言
The chart below shows global sales of the top five mobile phone brands between 2009
and 2013.
改写：The bar chart compares the number of mobile phones sold worldwide by the
five most popular manufacturers in the years 2009 , 2011 and 2013.
这张条形图比较了2009年、2011年和2013年五大最受欢迎制造商在全球销售的手机数量。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points概述
It is clear that Nokia sold the most mobile phones between 2009 and 2011 , but
Samsung became the best selling brand in 2013 . Samsung and Apple saw the biggest
rises in sales over the 5-year period.
很明显，诺基亚在2009年至2011年期间销售了最多的手机，但三星在2013年成为最畅销的品牌。三星和苹果的销售额在5年内增长最大。
Paragraph 3 : comparisons , changes over time比较
In 2009 , Nokia sold close to 450 million mobile phones, which was almost double the
number of handsets sold by the second most successful manufacturer , Samsung. Over
the following four years, however , Nokia’s sales figures fell by approximately 200
million units, whereas Samsung saw sales rise by a similar amount . by 2013 , Samsung
had become the market leader with sales reaching 450 million units.
2009年，诺基亚销售了近4.5亿部手机，几乎是第二大成功制造商三星销售手机数量的两倍。然而，在接下来的四年里，诺基亚的销售额下降了约2亿台，而三星的销售额也增长了同样的数量。到2013年，三星已成为市场领导者，销量达到4.5亿台。
Paragraph 4 : comparisons , changes over time比较
The other three top selling mobile phone brands between 2009 and 2013 were LG，ZTE and Apple . In 2009 , these companies sold around 125 million , 50 million and 25
million mobile handsets respectively , but Apple overtook the other two vendors in
2011 . In 2013 , purchases of Apple hand sets reached 150 million units , while LG saw
declining sales and the figures for ZTE rose only slightly.
2009年至2013年间，其他三大畅销手机品牌分别是LG、中兴和苹果。2009年，这些公司分别售出了1.25亿部、5千万部和2.5亿部手机，但2011年，苹果超过了其他两家手机供应商。2013年，苹果手持设备的采购量达到1.5亿台，而LG的销量下降，中兴通讯的数据仅略有上升。
Vocabulary： paraphrasing改写 comparing比较 describing changes描述变化
sold worldwide销往世界各地
sales figures ， puchases销售数量，采购
most popular , best selling brand , top selling最受欢迎，最畅销的品牌，最畅销的
second most successful manufacturer第二大成功制造商
market leader市场领导者
mobiles phones , handsets , units手机、手机、台（个，计量单位）
brands , manufacturers , companies , vendors品牌、制造商、公司、供应商
saw the biggest rises , saw declining sales增长最大，销售额下降
close to , almost , approximately , around接近，几乎，大约，大约
double the number双倍的数量
rise by a similar amount增加同样数量
respectively分别地
overtook the other two vendors超过了其他两个供应商
Pie chart
Pie chart can show numbers, but they always show percentages
The favourite sports of a class of 20 children
1. 2.
1. Football is the favourite sport of 10 children in the class.
2. 50% of the children in the class prefer football to any other sports.
Half of the class said that football was their favourite sports.
Remember : the full pie is always 100%
Pie charts can show changes over time (e.g. years)
But pie charts don’t always show change over time
Your job is to compare the percentages ( and numbers )
First , make a very general comparison ( summary / overview paragraph )
Second , compare specific figures (‘details’ paragraphs )
Pie chart question
4 paragraphs :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
Overview
Details
Details
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question第1段：引言
The charts below show household spending patterns in two countries between 1980
and 2008.
改写：The pie charts compare five categories of household expenditure in the UK and
New Zealand in the years 1980 and 2008.
饼图比较了英国和新西兰1980年和2008年的五类家庭支出。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points概述
It is noticeable that the proportion of spending on food and drink fell in both countries
over the 28 year period , while spending on utility bills rose . Also , UK residents spent
a significantly larger percentage of their household budgets on leisure than their New
Zealand counterparts.
值得注意的是，在过去28年中，两国在食品和饮料方面的支出比例都有所下降，而在公用事业账单上的支出却有所上升。此外，英国居民在家庭休闲方面的花费比例明显高于新西兰居民。
Paragraph 3 : 2 categories
In 1980 , 29% of an average New Zealand household budget went on food and drink ,
while the equivalent figure for a UK home was 23% . By 2008 , expenditure on food
and drink had fallen by 4% in New Zealand , and by a full 10% in the UK . By contrast ,
both countries saw an increase in expenditure on utility bills for the average home ,
from 27% to 31% in New Zealand and from 26% to 28% in the UK .
1980年，新西兰家庭平均预算的29%用于食品和饮料，而英国家庭的等效数字为23%。到2008年，新西兰的食品和饮料支出下降了4%，英国下降了整整10%。相比之下，新西兰和英国的公用事业费用支出平均从27%上升到31%，英国从26%上升到28%。
Paragraph 4 : 3 categories
Leisure activities accounted for the highest proportion of UK household spending in
both years , but only the third highest proportion in New Zealand . In fact , in 2008 ,
New Zealanders spent only half as much in relative terms on recreation (17%) as UK
residents (34%) . In both countries , transport costs and other costs took roughly 15%
and 10% of household budgets respectively .
休闲活动在这两年中占英国家庭支出的比例最高，但在新西兰只有第三高的比例。事实上，2008年，新西兰人在娱乐方面的花费仅为英国居民（34%）的一半（17%）。在这两个国家，运输费用和其他费用分别约占家庭预算的15%和10%。
Tips
Don’t describe each country separately 不要分别描述每个国家
Don’t describe each year separately不要单独描述每年
Compare countries and years together比较国家和年份
Mention all 5 categories (food & drink etc.)提及所有5个类别（食物和饮料等）
Divide the categories into two groups for the two ‘details’ paragraphs将两个“细节”段落的类别分为两组
The category called ‘other’ is not important称为“其他”的类别不重要
Don’t write “Leisure was 34%”不要写“休闲占34%”
Write “ Households spent 34% of their money on leisure ” 写下“家庭把34%的钱花在休闲上”
Vocabulary：
Spending , expenditure , spent , costs支出，支出，支出，花费
Proportion of spending支出比例
percentage of household budget家庭预算百分比
the equivalent figure for a UK home英国家庭的等效数据
fell , rose , saw an increase in下降，上升，看到增加
by 2008 , expenditure had fallen到2008年，支出已经下降
spent a significantly larger percentage花费了相当大的百分比
than their New Zealand counterparts比他们的新西兰这个参照物
29% of an average New Zealand household budget went on
新西兰家庭平均预算的29%用于
while , by contrast然而，相比之下
Leisure accounted for the highest proportion休闲占比最高
spent half as much in relative terms相对花费的一半
recreation娱乐
Tables
Tables can show :
any kind of number
the same information as a line graph , bar chart or pie chart
comparisons
changes over time ( increase , decrease )
a lot of information ( too much )
A key skill is ‘selecting’ which information to mention
Your job is to select , describe and compare the key numbers
First , look for main or general features ( summary / overview paragraph )
Second , describe specific numbers ( ‘details’ paragraphs )
Table question
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question
The table below shows statistics about the top five countries for international tourism
in 2012 and 2013 .
改写：The table compares the five highest ranking countries in terms of the numbers
of visits and the money spent by tourists over a period of two years .
该表比较了五个在两年内的旅游人数和旅游者的花费排名最高的国家。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points
It is clear that France was the word’s most popular tourist destination in the years 2012
and 2013 . However , the USA earned by far the most revenue from tourism over the
same period .
很明显，法国是2012年和2013年世界上最受欢迎的旅游目的地。然而，美国在同一时期从旅游业获得的收入最多。
Paragraph 3 :
In 2012 , 83 million tourists visited France , and the USA was the second most visited
country , with 66.7 million tourists . Spain and China each received just under 58
million visitors , while Italy was ranked fifth with 46.4 million tourists . 2013 saw a rise
of between 1 and 4 million tourist visits to each country , with the exception of China ,
which received 2 million fewer visitors than in the previous year .
2012年，法国游客达8300万人次，美国游客达6670万人次，位居第二。西班牙和中国的游客数量都不到5800万，意大利则以4640万的游客名列第五。2013年，除中国外，每个国家的游客数量增加了100万至400万人次，中国的游客数量比去年减少了200万人次。
Paragraph 4 : 3 sentences
Spending by tourists visiting the USA increased from $126.2 billion in 2012 to $139.6
billion in 2013 , and these figures were well over twice as high as those for any other
country . Spain received the second highest amounts of tourist revenue , rising from
$56.3 billion to $60.4 billion , followed by France , China and Italy . Interestingly ,
despite falling numbers of tourists , Chinese revenue from tourism rose by $1,7 billion
in 2013 .
美国游客的消费从2012年的1262亿美元增加到2013年的1396亿美元，这些数字是其他国家的两倍多。西班牙的旅游收入位居第二，从563亿美元升至604亿美元，其次是法国、中国和意大利。有趣的是，尽管游客数量有所下降，但2013年中国旅游业收入增长了17亿美元。
Key skill ： selecting information关键技能：选择信息
You can’t mention every number你不能说每个号码
I chose around 10 out of the total 20 numbers in the table 20个数字选择大约10个
Vocabulary：
five highest ranking countries五个排名最高的国家
the world's most popular tourist destination世界上最受欢迎的旅游目的地
earned by far the most赚得最多的
revenue from tourism旅游收入
the second most visited country第二大访问国
visitors接收…游客
ranked fifth排名第五
2013 saw a rise of 2013年增长了
fewer visitors than in the previous year游客比去年少
these figures were well over twice as high as这些数字高于…两倍多
amounts of tourist revenue旅游收入金额
despite falling numbers尽管数据在下降
saw , arise , increased , rising from , rose by看见、上升、增多、从…升至、增长了
2 different chart
your job is to select , describe and compare the key numbers
But you don’t need to compare the 2 charts together —you can describe them
separately
First , look for one main feature in each chart ( summary / overview paragraph )
Second , describe specific numbers for each chart separately (‘details’ paragraphs )
2-chart question
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question
The bar chart below shows the number of men and women attending various
evening courses at an adult education centre in the year 2009 . The pie chart gives
information about the ages of these course participants .
改写：The bar chart compares the numbers of males and females who took four
different evening classes in 2009 , and the pie chart shows the age profile of these
attendees .
这张条形图比较了2009年参加四个不同夜校的男女人数，饼图显示了这些参加者的年龄分布。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points
It is clear that significantly more women than men attended evening classes at the
education centre . we can also see that evening courses were much more popular
among older adults .
很明显，在教育中心上夜校的女性明显多于男性。我们还可以看到，夜校课程在老年人中更受欢迎。
Paragraph 3 : Adding numbers
According to the bar chart , drama , painting and language courses all attracted more
women than men to the education centre in 2009 . Language classes had the highest
number of participants overall , with 40 female and 20 male students , while painting
was a popular choice among both genders , attracting 30 female and 25 male
attendees. The only course with a higher number of males was sculpture, but this
course was taken by a mere 15 people in total .
根据柱状图，戏剧、绘画和语言课程在2009年吸引了比男性更多的女性进入教育中心。语言课的参加者总数最高，有40名女学生和20名男学生，而绘画在男女中都很受欢迎，吸引了30名女学生和25名男学生。唯一男性人数较多的课程是雕塑，但这门课程总共只有15人参加。
Paragraph 4 :
Looking at the age profile pie chart, we can see that the majority of people attending
evening lessons were over 40 years of age. To be precise, 42% of them were aged 50
or more, and 26% were aged between 40 and 49. Younger adults were in the
minority, with only 11% of students aged 20 to 29, and only 5% aged under 20.
从年龄分布饼图可以看出，参加夜校课程的大多数人都在40岁以上。准确地说，42%的人年龄在50岁以上，26%的人年龄在40岁到49岁之间。年轻人占少数，只有11%的学生年龄在20到29岁之间，只有5%的学生年龄在20岁以下。
Vocabulary：
attending courses, who took classes参加课程，谁上课
participants, attendees, students参与者、与会者、学生
males and females男性和女性
courses attracted more women课程吸引了更多的女性
a popular choice among both genders男女之间的流行选择
significantly more, higher, highest 更多、更高、最高
had the highest number, with(+ number)有最高的数据，有…
was taken by a mere 15 people只被15个人带走了
According to the bar chart, 根据条形图，
Looking at the age profile pie chart查看年龄剖面饼图
the majority of people大多数人
were in the minority是少数民族
To be precise, 确切地说，
Process diagram工艺流程图
Process diagrams show steps or stages in a process
Describing a process is completely different from describing a graph , bar chart , pie
chart or table
Differences :
no numbers
can’t compare anything
can’t describe trends ( increase , decrease )
So, what can we describe ?
how many steps
where the process begins and ends
each step in the process
Language for process description :
‘step’ language“步骤”语言
At the first stage in the process
The process begins with
Secondly , Finally
The second step involves
Next , then , after that
At the following stage
passive verbs被动语态动词形式
e.g.
Glass collection—At the first stage in the process , glass is collected.
Sorting by hand—Next , the collected glass is sorted by hand .
Grinding machine—The glass passes through a grinding machine ./
The sorted glass is then ground in a machine .
Note: maps can also show processes
Process diagram question
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question
The diagrams below show how glass containers, such as bottles , are produced and
recycled . 下图显示了玻璃容器（如瓶子）是如何生产和回收的。
改写：The first flow diagram illustrates the process of glass container production , and
the second diagram shows steps in the process of recycling used glass .
第一个流程图说明了玻璃容器的生产过程，第二个流程图说明了废玻璃回收过程中的步骤。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points
We can see that glass is made using three main raw materials , and that the
manufacturing process consists of four distinct stages. It requires five steps to turn
used glass into new glass products .
我们可以看到玻璃是用三种主要原材料制成的，制造过程由四个不同的阶段组成。将旧玻璃转化为新玻璃需要五个步骤。
Paragraph 3 : Steps/Passive步骤/被动
At the first stage in the production of glass, sand, soda ash, limestone and other
chemicals are mixed together. Next, this mixture is heated in a glass furnace at
approximately 1500C to produce molten glass. The molten glass can then be shaped,
by blowing, to create the end products, namely glass containers.
在玻璃生产的第一阶段，沙子、苏打灰、石灰石等化学品混合在一起。接下来，将这种混合物在大约1500摄氏度的玻璃熔炉中加热，以产生熔融玻璃。熔化的玻璃可以通过吹制成形，从而制造出最终产品，即玻璃容器。
Paragraph 4 : Steps/Passive步骤/被动
Glass recycling begins with the collection of used glass products. The collected glass is
sorted according to its colour , and then washed in order to remove any impurities. At
the fourth stage of recycling, the glass is crushed and melted, and the resulting molten
glass can finally be moulded to create new items.
玻璃回收是从收集用过的玻璃制品开始的。收集的玻璃按照颜色分类，然后清洗以去除任何杂质。在循环利用的第四阶段，玻璃被粉碎和熔化，由此产生的熔融玻璃最终可以被塑造成新的物品。
Vocabulary：paraphrasing , steps , passive verbs
steps / stages in the process of过程中的步骤/阶段
consists of four distinct stages由四个不同的阶段组成
it requires five steps需要五步
raw materials, end products原材料、最终产品
production, manufacturing生产、制造
turn used glass into new products把旧玻璃变成新产品
at the first stage, next, then, begins with在第一阶段，下一步，然后，开始于
are mixed, is heated, can be shaped混合，加热，可以成形
is sorted according to是根据
can be moulded to create可以被塑造来创造
are mixed →this mixture被混合的→这个混合物
collection →the collected glass收集→收集的玻璃
is melted →the resulting molten glass被融化了→产生的熔融玻璃
Comparison diagram对比图
Comparison diagrams show :
changes to an old design compared to a new design—Map 与新设计相比，对某些东西（如旧设计）的更改—地图
or two alternative designs或者两个替代设计
or even two alternative locations on a map甚至地图上的两个备选位置
Your job is to compare the diagrams :
Describe the changes
Describe things that don’t change
Describe the differences
Describe the similarities
Important:
Think about the verb tense that you’ll use想想你要用的动词时态
Diagram showing ‘ before and after’ Map showing ‘before and after’
Diagram showing ‘ now and future’ ‘Alternative designs’ diagrams
‘Alternative locations’ map
Comparison diagram question
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question
The diagrams below show the existing ground floor plan of a house and a proposed
plan for some building work . 下图显示了一栋房子的现有底层平面图和一些建筑工程的建议平面图。
改写：The two picture compare the current layout of the ground floor of a house with
a plan to redesign the same living space.
这两幅图比较了一栋房子底层的当前布局和重新设计同一个居住空间的计划。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points
We can see that the new design proposal involves making a number of changes to the
ground floor of the house , mainly in the central hall area . There are no plans to change
external walls or entrances .
我们可以看到，新的设计方案包括对房子的底层进行一些修改，主要是在中央大厅区域。没有计划改变外墙或入口。
Paragraph 3
The most noticeable change from the existing to the proposed floor plan is that there
will no longer be a separate hall area when the building work has been done. This will
be achieved by removing the internal wall and door between the hall and living room,
along with the current staircase and under-stair storage cupboard. With no separate
hall area, the proposed living room will also contain the staircase to the first floor.
从现有平面图到拟议平面图最显著的变化是，建筑工程完成后，不再有单独的大厅区域。这将通过拆除大厅和客厅之间的内墙和门，以及当前的楼梯和楼梯下的储物柜来实现。由于没有单独的大厅区域，提议的起居室也将包含通往一楼的楼梯。
Paragraph 4
To replace the current straight staircase, a new set of winding stairs will be installed in
the corner of the living room. The internal door between the hall and kitchen will also
be replaced with double doors connecting the kitchen with the new living y,
the planned building work will also includethe installation of some kitchen furniture.
为了取代现有的直楼梯，将在起居室的角落安装一套新的螺旋楼梯。大厅和厨房之间的内门也将被双开门取代，双开门将厨房与新客厅连接起来。
最后，规划的建筑工程还包括安装一些厨房家具。
Vocabulary：paraphrasing改写 verbs动词 describing changes描述变化
existing plan- current layout现有平面图-当前布局
proposed plan- plan to redesign拟议计划-重新设计计划
design proposal, planned building work设计方案、规划建筑工程
there will no longer be不会再有了
this will be achieved by removing这将通过移除…来实现
will also contain ,will also include也将包含,也将包括
will be installed, will be replaced将被安装，将被替换
the design proposal involves设计方案包括
when the building work has been done建筑工程完成后
living space central hall area, staircase生活空间中央大厅区域，楼梯
under-stair storage cupboard楼梯下储物柜
a new set of winding stair一套新的弯曲楼梯
the installation of some kitchen furniture一些厨房家具的安装
雅思大作文
主要结构：4 question / 250 words /40 minutes /about 13 sentences
Introduction→5 minutes
—2 sentences
Two main paragraphs→20 minutes
—5 sentences
—5 sentences
Conclusion→5 minutes
—1 sentence
Four types of question :
1. Discussion
2. Opinion
3. Problem and solution
4. Two –part question
Introduction开头段
Method: 2 sentences
—introduce the topic
—give a general answer
1. Discussion
Some people think that it is more effective for students to study in groups, while
others believe that it is better for them to study alone .
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Plan : Topic - study in groups or alone
Answer – sometimes better alone , usually better in a group
People have different views about the effectiveness of group study as opposed to
working alone . while there are some benefits to studying independently , I believe
that group work is usually more productive .
与单独学习相比，人们对小组学习究的有效性有不同的看法。虽然独立学习有一些好处，但我相信小组学习通常更有成效。
2. Opinion
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part
of high school programmes .
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Plan : Topic – community service for all teenagers
Answer – 3 choices: agree , disagree , or balanced opinion (when possible )
It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in
their local communities .I completely agree that this kind of scheme would be a good
idea ./In my opinion , it would be wrong to force teenagers to do any kind of unsalaried
work./While I disagree with the idea of making such programs compulsory. I do believe
that voluntary community service could benefit young people .
3. Problem and solution
Many criminals reoffend after they have been punished . Why do some people
continue to commit crimes after they have been punished , and what measures can
be taken to tackle this problem ?
Plan : Topic – criminals reoffend
Answer – several reasons , a variety of measures ( governments , communities )
It is true that punishments do not always deter criminals from committing more
crimes . there are various reasons why offenders repeatedly break the law , but
governments could certainly take steps to address this issue .
4. Two – part question
As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work , job satisfaction is
an important element of individual well-being . What factors contribute to job
satisfaction ? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers ?
随着大多数人成年后大部分时间都在工作中度过，工作满意度是个人幸福感的一个重要因素。什么因素有助于工作满意度？对所有工人的工作满意度期望有多现实？
Plan : Topic – job satisfaction
Answer – several factors , unrealistic/impossible
Work plays a central role in our lives , and we would all like to feel fulfilled
professionally . While a variety of factors may lead to job satisfaction , it would be
unrealistic to expect everyone to be happy at work .
工作在我们的生活中起着核心作用，我们都希望能在职业上感到满足。虽然各种因素可能导致工作满意度，但期望每个人在工作中都快乐是不现实的。
Main body paragraphs两个主要段落
4段式文章：
2个主要段落
每个段落5句话
每个段落90-100个词
2 methods
ideas ， vocabulary ，planning
怎样写主要段落？：2种方式
Firstly , Secondly ,Finally : advantages/disadvantages/problems/solutions
Idea , Explain , Example : one idea/a reason/ an opinion
Firstly , Secondly ,Finally :例题：
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part
of high school programmes .
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
3-minute plan:提纲
—disagree for several reasons
—school timetable is full, no time for community service
—students’ work in other subjects would be affected
—teenagers might not want to do it (reluctant , no motivation )
There are several reasons why I would argue against having compulsory community
service for secondary school students. Firstly, the school curriculum is already full
with important academic subjects, such as maths , science and languages. For example,
I remember having an extremely busy timetable when I was at high school, and it
would not have been possible to add to it. Secondly, students' performance in other
subjects would be affected if valuable study time were taken by charity work or
neighbourhood improvement schemes. Finally , I believe that teenage students
would be reluctant to take part in any programme of obligatory work , and this could
lead to poor motivation and even bad behavior .
我反对为中学生提供义务社区服务有几个原因。首先，学校的课程已经充满了重要的学术科目，如数学、科学和语言。例如，我记得我在高中的时候有一个非常
繁忙的时间表，这是不可能的。其次，如果慈善工作或社区改善计划占用宝贵的学习时间，学生在其他科目的表现会受到影响。最后，我相信青少年学生不愿意参加任何义务性工作的计划，这可能会导致不良的动机，甚至不良的行为。
一共写5句话：第一句主题句，第二句Firstly(第五句解释或举例)，第三句Secondly,第四句Finally
Idea , Explain , Example :
例题
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part
of high school programmes .
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
3-minute plan:提纲
—voluntary(not compulsory)community service is positive
—students more motivated if they can choose
—gain work experience , self confidence ,skills
—good for CVs , career , university admissions , employers
On the other hand, the opportunity to do voluntary community service could be
extremely positive for high school students. By making these programmes optional
schools would ensure that only motivated students took part. These young people
would gain valuable experience in an adult working environment. which could help to
build their self confidence and enhance their skills. Having such experience and skills
on their CVs could greatly improve school leavers' career prospects. For example, a
period of voluntary work experience might impress a university admissions officer or
a future employer.
另一方面，提供志愿社区服务的机会对高中生来说是非常积极的。通过使这些计划成为可选的学校将确保只有有动机的学生参加。这些年轻人将在成人工作环境中获得宝贵的经验。这有助于增强他们的自信心和技能。在简历上有这样的经验和技能可以大大提高离校生的职业前景。例如，一段自愿工作经历可能会给大学招生官或未来的雇主留下深刻印象。
Try to write 5 sentences:
Idea ,
Explain （2 or 3 sentences ）
Example
Conclusions结尾段
2 easy ‘rules’
—never write anything new
—one sentence ：repeat ，summarise
conclusion technique
paraphrase the answer that you gave in your introduction
discussion（＋opinion）
例题：In many cities the use of video cameras in public places is being increased in
order to reduce crime, but some people believe that these measures restrict our
individual freedom.
Do the benefits of increased security outweigh the drawbacks？
Introduction
It is true that video surveillance has become commonplace in many cities in recent
years. While I understand that critics may see this as an invasion of privacy, I believe
that there are more benefits than drawbacks.
Conclusion
In conclusion. I would argue that the advantages of using video security systems in
public places do outweigh the disadvantages.
Opinion
例题：Families who send their children to private schools should not be required to
pay taxes that support the state education system.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Introduction
Some people believe that parents of children who attend private schools should not
need to contribute to state schools through taxes. Personally, I completely disagree
with this view.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I do not believe that any financial concessions should be made for
people who choose private education.
Problem and solution
例题：In the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing.
What problems will this cause for individuals and society? Suggest some
measures that could be taken to reduce the impact of ageing populations.
Introduction
It is true that people in industrialised nations can expect to live longer than ever before.
Although there will undoubtedly be some negative consequences of this trend,
societies can take steps to mitigate these potential problems.
Conclusion
In conclusion, various neasures can be taken to tackle the problems that are certain to
arise as the populations of countries grow older.
2-part question
例题：There are many different types of music in the world today.
Why do we need music? Is the traditional music of a country more important than
the international music that is heard everywhere nowadays?
Introduction
It is true that a rich variety of musical styles can be found around the world. Music is
a vital part of all human cultures for a range of reasons, and I would argue that
traditional music is more important than modern, international music.
Conclusion
In conclusion, music is a necessary part of human existence, and I believe that
traditional music should be given more importance than international music,
2024年2月19日发(作者：倪含雁)
Simon’s IELTS Writing Task 1
Question types
1.
2.
3.
4.
Line graph
Bar chart
Pie chart
Table
5. Diagram-comparing
6. Diagram-process
Numbers
Describe
Compare
Changes/trends
Essay structure
(4 paragraphs )
1. Introduction
One sentence : Paraphrase the question
2. Overview
2 sentences :The main , general things
3. Details
4. Details
3+4: Why 2 paragraphs ?
This makes you organize or ‘group’ the information better
(or put the overview at the end)
No conclusion!!
Line graph ( Line graph show numbers changing over a period of time )
You will not see a graph with only one line .
You will almost definitely see 2/3/4/5 lines.
Your job is to compare the lines , not describe them separately.
Frist , make a very general comparison .( Summary / overview paragraph )
Second , compare the lines at specific point . (‘details’ paragraphs )
For example ：4 lines
You can’t describe everything
Write at least one thing about each line.
你看不到只有一条线的图形。
你会看到2/3/4/5条线。
你要对这些线条进行比较，而不是单独描述它们。
首先，做一个非常一般的比较。（总结/概述段落）
第二，比较这些线条的特定的节点。（‘细节’段落）
Paragraph 1 : Introduction
The graph below shows electricity production (in terawatt hours ) in France between
1980 and 2012 .
改写：The line graph compares the amount of electricity produced in France using
four differdent sources of power over a period of 32 years.
这个折线图比较了法国在32年间使用四种不同电源的发电量。
Paragraph 2 :Overview—2 sentences , 2 main points.
It is clear that nuclear power was by far the most important means of electricity
generation over the period shown . renewables provided the lowest amount of
electricity in each year.
很明显，在所示期间，核能是迄今为止最重要的发电方式，可再生能源每年提供的电力量最低。
Paragraph 3 : Detail — 2 paragraphs , compare the lines
In 1980 , thermal power stations were the main source of electricity in France,
generating around 120 terawatt hours of power . Nuclear and hydroelectric power
stations produced just
under 75 terawatt hours of electricity each, and renewables
provided a negligible amount . Just one year later , nuclear power overtook thermal
power as the primary source of electricity .
1980年，法国的主要电力来源是火力发电站，发电量约为120太瓦每时。核电站和水力发电站每台发电量不到75太瓦每时，可再生能源的发电量微不足道。仅仅一年后，核电就取代了火电成为主要的电力来源。
Important tip when describing numbers:
You can’t write : Nuclear was 75 terawatt hours of electricity.
Nuclear produced 75 terawatt hours of electricity
You must write : Nuclear power was used to produce 75 terawatt hours of electricity.
Nuclear power station produced 75 terawatt hours of electricity.
Paragraph 4
Between 1980 and 2005 , electricity production from nuclear power rose dramatically
to a peak of 430 terawatt hours . By contrast , the figure for thermal power fell to only
50 terawatt hours in 1985 , and remained at this level for the rest of the period .
Hydroelectric power generation remained relatively stable , at between 50 and 80
terawatt hours , for the whole 35 year period , but renewable electricity production
saw only a small rise to approximately 25 terawatt hours by 2012 .
从1980年到2005年，核能发电量急剧上升到430太瓦时的峰值。相比之下，在1985年，火力发电的数字下降到只有50太瓦时，并在之后保持在这个水平。水力发电在整个35年期间保持相对稳定，在50至80太瓦时之间，但可再生电力产量到2012年，仅小幅上升至约25太瓦时。
Vocabulary： paraphrasing改写 comparing比较 describing changes描述变化
Amount of electricity produced 发电量
Source of / provided / generating来源/提供/产生
Means of electricity generation发电方式
Over a period of / over the period shown在所示期间内
By far the most important到目前为止最重要的
a negligible amount可忽略的数量
nuclear power overtook thermal power核电超过火电
as the primary source of electricity作为主要的电力来源
rose dramatically to a peak of急剧上升到
by contrast相比之下 the figure for……的数字
remained at this level,remained stable 保持在这个水平，保持稳定
saw only a small rise只看到一个小的上升
Bar chart
Bar chart can show numbers changing over a period of time .This type of bar chart is
the same as line graph.
However! Bar chart don’t always show time…
They often only compare numbers
So , your job is to compare the bars.
First , make a very general comparison ( summary / overview paragraph )
Second , compare specific numbers ( ‘details’ paragraphs )
Bar chart question
4 paragraphs :
1
2
3
4
Introduction
Overview
Details
Details
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question第1段：引言
The chart below shows global sales of the top five mobile phone brands between 2009
and 2013.
改写：The bar chart compares the number of mobile phones sold worldwide by the
five most popular manufacturers in the years 2009 , 2011 and 2013.
这张条形图比较了2009年、2011年和2013年五大最受欢迎制造商在全球销售的手机数量。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points概述
It is clear that Nokia sold the most mobile phones between 2009 and 2011 , but
Samsung became the best selling brand in 2013 . Samsung and Apple saw the biggest
rises in sales over the 5-year period.
很明显，诺基亚在2009年至2011年期间销售了最多的手机，但三星在2013年成为最畅销的品牌。三星和苹果的销售额在5年内增长最大。
Paragraph 3 : comparisons , changes over time比较
In 2009 , Nokia sold close to 450 million mobile phones, which was almost double the
number of handsets sold by the second most successful manufacturer , Samsung. Over
the following four years, however , Nokia’s sales figures fell by approximately 200
million units, whereas Samsung saw sales rise by a similar amount . by 2013 , Samsung
had become the market leader with sales reaching 450 million units.
2009年，诺基亚销售了近4.5亿部手机，几乎是第二大成功制造商三星销售手机数量的两倍。然而，在接下来的四年里，诺基亚的销售额下降了约2亿台，而三星的销售额也增长了同样的数量。到2013年，三星已成为市场领导者，销量达到4.5亿台。
Paragraph 4 : comparisons , changes over time比较
The other three top selling mobile phone brands between 2009 and 2013 were LG，ZTE and Apple . In 2009 , these companies sold around 125 million , 50 million and 25
million mobile handsets respectively , but Apple overtook the other two vendors in
2011 . In 2013 , purchases of Apple hand sets reached 150 million units , while LG saw
declining sales and the figures for ZTE rose only slightly.
2009年至2013年间，其他三大畅销手机品牌分别是LG、中兴和苹果。2009年，这些公司分别售出了1.25亿部、5千万部和2.5亿部手机，但2011年，苹果超过了其他两家手机供应商。2013年，苹果手持设备的采购量达到1.5亿台，而LG的销量下降，中兴通讯的数据仅略有上升。
Vocabulary： paraphrasing改写 comparing比较 describing changes描述变化
sold worldwide销往世界各地
sales figures ， puchases销售数量，采购
most popular , best selling brand , top selling最受欢迎，最畅销的品牌，最畅销的
second most successful manufacturer第二大成功制造商
market leader市场领导者
mobiles phones , handsets , units手机、手机、台（个，计量单位）
brands , manufacturers , companies , vendors品牌、制造商、公司、供应商
saw the biggest rises , saw declining sales增长最大，销售额下降
close to , almost , approximately , around接近，几乎，大约，大约
double the number双倍的数量
rise by a similar amount增加同样数量
respectively分别地
overtook the other two vendors超过了其他两个供应商
Pie chart
Pie chart can show numbers, but they always show percentages
The favourite sports of a class of 20 children
1. 2.
1. Football is the favourite sport of 10 children in the class.
2. 50% of the children in the class prefer football to any other sports.
Half of the class said that football was their favourite sports.
Remember : the full pie is always 100%
Pie charts can show changes over time (e.g. years)
But pie charts don’t always show change over time
Your job is to compare the percentages ( and numbers )
First , make a very general comparison ( summary / overview paragraph )
Second , compare specific figures (‘details’ paragraphs )
Pie chart question
4 paragraphs :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
Overview
Details
Details
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question第1段：引言
The charts below show household spending patterns in two countries between 1980
and 2008.
改写：The pie charts compare five categories of household expenditure in the UK and
New Zealand in the years 1980 and 2008.
饼图比较了英国和新西兰1980年和2008年的五类家庭支出。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points概述
It is noticeable that the proportion of spending on food and drink fell in both countries
over the 28 year period , while spending on utility bills rose . Also , UK residents spent
a significantly larger percentage of their household budgets on leisure than their New
Zealand counterparts.
值得注意的是，在过去28年中，两国在食品和饮料方面的支出比例都有所下降，而在公用事业账单上的支出却有所上升。此外，英国居民在家庭休闲方面的花费比例明显高于新西兰居民。
Paragraph 3 : 2 categories
In 1980 , 29% of an average New Zealand household budget went on food and drink ,
while the equivalent figure for a UK home was 23% . By 2008 , expenditure on food
and drink had fallen by 4% in New Zealand , and by a full 10% in the UK . By contrast ,
both countries saw an increase in expenditure on utility bills for the average home ,
from 27% to 31% in New Zealand and from 26% to 28% in the UK .
1980年，新西兰家庭平均预算的29%用于食品和饮料，而英国家庭的等效数字为23%。到2008年，新西兰的食品和饮料支出下降了4%，英国下降了整整10%。相比之下，新西兰和英国的公用事业费用支出平均从27%上升到31%，英国从26%上升到28%。
Paragraph 4 : 3 categories
Leisure activities accounted for the highest proportion of UK household spending in
both years , but only the third highest proportion in New Zealand . In fact , in 2008 ,
New Zealanders spent only half as much in relative terms on recreation (17%) as UK
residents (34%) . In both countries , transport costs and other costs took roughly 15%
and 10% of household budgets respectively .
休闲活动在这两年中占英国家庭支出的比例最高，但在新西兰只有第三高的比例。事实上，2008年，新西兰人在娱乐方面的花费仅为英国居民（34%）的一半（17%）。在这两个国家，运输费用和其他费用分别约占家庭预算的15%和10%。
Tips
Don’t describe each country separately 不要分别描述每个国家
Don’t describe each year separately不要单独描述每年
Compare countries and years together比较国家和年份
Mention all 5 categories (food & drink etc.)提及所有5个类别（食物和饮料等）
Divide the categories into two groups for the two ‘details’ paragraphs将两个“细节”段落的类别分为两组
The category called ‘other’ is not important称为“其他”的类别不重要
Don’t write “Leisure was 34%”不要写“休闲占34%”
Write “ Households spent 34% of their money on leisure ” 写下“家庭把34%的钱花在休闲上”
Vocabulary：
Spending , expenditure , spent , costs支出，支出，支出，花费
Proportion of spending支出比例
percentage of household budget家庭预算百分比
the equivalent figure for a UK home英国家庭的等效数据
fell , rose , saw an increase in下降，上升，看到增加
by 2008 , expenditure had fallen到2008年，支出已经下降
spent a significantly larger percentage花费了相当大的百分比
than their New Zealand counterparts比他们的新西兰这个参照物
29% of an average New Zealand household budget went on
新西兰家庭平均预算的29%用于
while , by contrast然而，相比之下
Leisure accounted for the highest proportion休闲占比最高
spent half as much in relative terms相对花费的一半
recreation娱乐
Tables
Tables can show :
any kind of number
the same information as a line graph , bar chart or pie chart
comparisons
changes over time ( increase , decrease )
a lot of information ( too much )
A key skill is ‘selecting’ which information to mention
Your job is to select , describe and compare the key numbers
First , look for main or general features ( summary / overview paragraph )
Second , describe specific numbers ( ‘details’ paragraphs )
Table question
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question
The table below shows statistics about the top five countries for international tourism
in 2012 and 2013 .
改写：The table compares the five highest ranking countries in terms of the numbers
of visits and the money spent by tourists over a period of two years .
该表比较了五个在两年内的旅游人数和旅游者的花费排名最高的国家。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points
It is clear that France was the word’s most popular tourist destination in the years 2012
and 2013 . However , the USA earned by far the most revenue from tourism over the
same period .
很明显，法国是2012年和2013年世界上最受欢迎的旅游目的地。然而，美国在同一时期从旅游业获得的收入最多。
Paragraph 3 :
In 2012 , 83 million tourists visited France , and the USA was the second most visited
country , with 66.7 million tourists . Spain and China each received just under 58
million visitors , while Italy was ranked fifth with 46.4 million tourists . 2013 saw a rise
of between 1 and 4 million tourist visits to each country , with the exception of China ,
which received 2 million fewer visitors than in the previous year .
2012年，法国游客达8300万人次，美国游客达6670万人次，位居第二。西班牙和中国的游客数量都不到5800万，意大利则以4640万的游客名列第五。2013年，除中国外，每个国家的游客数量增加了100万至400万人次，中国的游客数量比去年减少了200万人次。
Paragraph 4 : 3 sentences
Spending by tourists visiting the USA increased from $126.2 billion in 2012 to $139.6
billion in 2013 , and these figures were well over twice as high as those for any other
country . Spain received the second highest amounts of tourist revenue , rising from
$56.3 billion to $60.4 billion , followed by France , China and Italy . Interestingly ,
despite falling numbers of tourists , Chinese revenue from tourism rose by $1,7 billion
in 2013 .
美国游客的消费从2012年的1262亿美元增加到2013年的1396亿美元，这些数字是其他国家的两倍多。西班牙的旅游收入位居第二，从563亿美元升至604亿美元，其次是法国、中国和意大利。有趣的是，尽管游客数量有所下降，但2013年中国旅游业收入增长了17亿美元。
Key skill ： selecting information关键技能：选择信息
You can’t mention every number你不能说每个号码
I chose around 10 out of the total 20 numbers in the table 20个数字选择大约10个
Vocabulary：
five highest ranking countries五个排名最高的国家
the world's most popular tourist destination世界上最受欢迎的旅游目的地
earned by far the most赚得最多的
revenue from tourism旅游收入
the second most visited country第二大访问国
visitors接收…游客
ranked fifth排名第五
2013 saw a rise of 2013年增长了
fewer visitors than in the previous year游客比去年少
these figures were well over twice as high as这些数字高于…两倍多
amounts of tourist revenue旅游收入金额
despite falling numbers尽管数据在下降
saw , arise , increased , rising from , rose by看见、上升、增多、从…升至、增长了
2 different chart
your job is to select , describe and compare the key numbers
But you don’t need to compare the 2 charts together —you can describe them
separately
First , look for one main feature in each chart ( summary / overview paragraph )
Second , describe specific numbers for each chart separately (‘details’ paragraphs )
2-chart question
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question
The bar chart below shows the number of men and women attending various
evening courses at an adult education centre in the year 2009 . The pie chart gives
information about the ages of these course participants .
改写：The bar chart compares the numbers of males and females who took four
different evening classes in 2009 , and the pie chart shows the age profile of these
attendees .
这张条形图比较了2009年参加四个不同夜校的男女人数，饼图显示了这些参加者的年龄分布。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points
It is clear that significantly more women than men attended evening classes at the
education centre . we can also see that evening courses were much more popular
among older adults .
很明显，在教育中心上夜校的女性明显多于男性。我们还可以看到，夜校课程在老年人中更受欢迎。
Paragraph 3 : Adding numbers
According to the bar chart , drama , painting and language courses all attracted more
women than men to the education centre in 2009 . Language classes had the highest
number of participants overall , with 40 female and 20 male students , while painting
was a popular choice among both genders , attracting 30 female and 25 male
attendees. The only course with a higher number of males was sculpture, but this
course was taken by a mere 15 people in total .
根据柱状图，戏剧、绘画和语言课程在2009年吸引了比男性更多的女性进入教育中心。语言课的参加者总数最高，有40名女学生和20名男学生，而绘画在男女中都很受欢迎，吸引了30名女学生和25名男学生。唯一男性人数较多的课程是雕塑，但这门课程总共只有15人参加。
Paragraph 4 :
Looking at the age profile pie chart, we can see that the majority of people attending
evening lessons were over 40 years of age. To be precise, 42% of them were aged 50
or more, and 26% were aged between 40 and 49. Younger adults were in the
minority, with only 11% of students aged 20 to 29, and only 5% aged under 20.
从年龄分布饼图可以看出，参加夜校课程的大多数人都在40岁以上。准确地说，42%的人年龄在50岁以上，26%的人年龄在40岁到49岁之间。年轻人占少数，只有11%的学生年龄在20到29岁之间，只有5%的学生年龄在20岁以下。
Vocabulary：
attending courses, who took classes参加课程，谁上课
participants, attendees, students参与者、与会者、学生
males and females男性和女性
courses attracted more women课程吸引了更多的女性
a popular choice among both genders男女之间的流行选择
significantly more, higher, highest 更多、更高、最高
had the highest number, with(+ number)有最高的数据，有…
was taken by a mere 15 people只被15个人带走了
According to the bar chart, 根据条形图，
Looking at the age profile pie chart查看年龄剖面饼图
the majority of people大多数人
were in the minority是少数民族
To be precise, 确切地说，
Process diagram工艺流程图
Process diagrams show steps or stages in a process
Describing a process is completely different from describing a graph , bar chart , pie
chart or table
Differences :
no numbers
can’t compare anything
can’t describe trends ( increase , decrease )
So, what can we describe ?
how many steps
where the process begins and ends
each step in the process
Language for process description :
‘step’ language“步骤”语言
At the first stage in the process
The process begins with
Secondly , Finally
The second step involves
Next , then , after that
At the following stage
passive verbs被动语态动词形式
e.g.
Glass collection—At the first stage in the process , glass is collected.
Sorting by hand—Next , the collected glass is sorted by hand .
Grinding machine—The glass passes through a grinding machine ./
The sorted glass is then ground in a machine .
Note: maps can also show processes
Process diagram question
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question
The diagrams below show how glass containers, such as bottles , are produced and
recycled . 下图显示了玻璃容器（如瓶子）是如何生产和回收的。
改写：The first flow diagram illustrates the process of glass container production , and
the second diagram shows steps in the process of recycling used glass .
第一个流程图说明了玻璃容器的生产过程，第二个流程图说明了废玻璃回收过程中的步骤。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points
We can see that glass is made using three main raw materials , and that the
manufacturing process consists of four distinct stages. It requires five steps to turn
used glass into new glass products .
我们可以看到玻璃是用三种主要原材料制成的，制造过程由四个不同的阶段组成。将旧玻璃转化为新玻璃需要五个步骤。
Paragraph 3 : Steps/Passive步骤/被动
At the first stage in the production of glass, sand, soda ash, limestone and other
chemicals are mixed together. Next, this mixture is heated in a glass furnace at
approximately 1500C to produce molten glass. The molten glass can then be shaped,
by blowing, to create the end products, namely glass containers.
在玻璃生产的第一阶段，沙子、苏打灰、石灰石等化学品混合在一起。接下来，将这种混合物在大约1500摄氏度的玻璃熔炉中加热，以产生熔融玻璃。熔化的玻璃可以通过吹制成形，从而制造出最终产品，即玻璃容器。
Paragraph 4 : Steps/Passive步骤/被动
Glass recycling begins with the collection of used glass products. The collected glass is
sorted according to its colour , and then washed in order to remove any impurities. At
the fourth stage of recycling, the glass is crushed and melted, and the resulting molten
glass can finally be moulded to create new items.
玻璃回收是从收集用过的玻璃制品开始的。收集的玻璃按照颜色分类，然后清洗以去除任何杂质。在循环利用的第四阶段，玻璃被粉碎和熔化，由此产生的熔融玻璃最终可以被塑造成新的物品。
Vocabulary：paraphrasing , steps , passive verbs
steps / stages in the process of过程中的步骤/阶段
consists of four distinct stages由四个不同的阶段组成
it requires five steps需要五步
raw materials, end products原材料、最终产品
production, manufacturing生产、制造
turn used glass into new products把旧玻璃变成新产品
at the first stage, next, then, begins with在第一阶段，下一步，然后，开始于
are mixed, is heated, can be shaped混合，加热，可以成形
is sorted according to是根据
can be moulded to create可以被塑造来创造
are mixed →this mixture被混合的→这个混合物
collection →the collected glass收集→收集的玻璃
is melted →the resulting molten glass被融化了→产生的熔融玻璃
Comparison diagram对比图
Comparison diagrams show :
changes to an old design compared to a new design—Map 与新设计相比，对某些东西（如旧设计）的更改—地图
or two alternative designs或者两个替代设计
or even two alternative locations on a map甚至地图上的两个备选位置
Your job is to compare the diagrams :
Describe the changes
Describe things that don’t change
Describe the differences
Describe the similarities
Important:
Think about the verb tense that you’ll use想想你要用的动词时态
Diagram showing ‘ before and after’ Map showing ‘before and after’
Diagram showing ‘ now and future’ ‘Alternative designs’ diagrams
‘Alternative locations’ map
Comparison diagram question
Paragraph 1 : Introduction—paraphrase the question
The diagrams below show the existing ground floor plan of a house and a proposed
plan for some building work . 下图显示了一栋房子的现有底层平面图和一些建筑工程的建议平面图。
改写：The two picture compare the current layout of the ground floor of a house with
a plan to redesign the same living space.
这两幅图比较了一栋房子底层的当前布局和重新设计同一个居住空间的计划。
Paragraph 2 ：Overview—2 sentences ，2 main points
We can see that the new design proposal involves making a number of changes to the
ground floor of the house , mainly in the central hall area . There are no plans to change
external walls or entrances .
我们可以看到，新的设计方案包括对房子的底层进行一些修改，主要是在中央大厅区域。没有计划改变外墙或入口。
Paragraph 3
The most noticeable change from the existing to the proposed floor plan is that there
will no longer be a separate hall area when the building work has been done. This will
be achieved by removing the internal wall and door between the hall and living room,
along with the current staircase and under-stair storage cupboard. With no separate
hall area, the proposed living room will also contain the staircase to the first floor.
从现有平面图到拟议平面图最显著的变化是，建筑工程完成后，不再有单独的大厅区域。这将通过拆除大厅和客厅之间的内墙和门，以及当前的楼梯和楼梯下的储物柜来实现。由于没有单独的大厅区域，提议的起居室也将包含通往一楼的楼梯。
Paragraph 4
To replace the current straight staircase, a new set of winding stairs will be installed in
the corner of the living room. The internal door between the hall and kitchen will also
be replaced with double doors connecting the kitchen with the new living y,
the planned building work will also includethe installation of some kitchen furniture.
为了取代现有的直楼梯，将在起居室的角落安装一套新的螺旋楼梯。大厅和厨房之间的内门也将被双开门取代，双开门将厨房与新客厅连接起来。
最后，规划的建筑工程还包括安装一些厨房家具。
Vocabulary：paraphrasing改写 verbs动词 describing changes描述变化
existing plan- current layout现有平面图-当前布局
proposed plan- plan to redesign拟议计划-重新设计计划
design proposal, planned building work设计方案、规划建筑工程
there will no longer be不会再有了
this will be achieved by removing这将通过移除…来实现
will also contain ,will also include也将包含,也将包括
will be installed, will be replaced将被安装，将被替换
the design proposal involves设计方案包括
when the building work has been done建筑工程完成后
living space central hall area, staircase生活空间中央大厅区域，楼梯
under-stair storage cupboard楼梯下储物柜
a new set of winding stair一套新的弯曲楼梯
the installation of some kitchen furniture一些厨房家具的安装
雅思大作文
主要结构：4 question / 250 words /40 minutes /about 13 sentences
Introduction→5 minutes
—2 sentences
Two main paragraphs→20 minutes
—5 sentences
—5 sentences
Conclusion→5 minutes
—1 sentence
Four types of question :
1. Discussion
2. Opinion
3. Problem and solution
4. Two –part question
Introduction开头段
Method: 2 sentences
—introduce the topic
—give a general answer
1. Discussion
Some people think that it is more effective for students to study in groups, while
others believe that it is better for them to study alone .
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Plan : Topic - study in groups or alone
Answer – sometimes better alone , usually better in a group
People have different views about the effectiveness of group study as opposed to
working alone . while there are some benefits to studying independently , I believe
that group work is usually more productive .
与单独学习相比，人们对小组学习究的有效性有不同的看法。虽然独立学习有一些好处，但我相信小组学习通常更有成效。
2. Opinion
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part
of high school programmes .
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Plan : Topic – community service for all teenagers
Answer – 3 choices: agree , disagree , or balanced opinion (when possible )
It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in
their local communities .I completely agree that this kind of scheme would be a good
idea ./In my opinion , it would be wrong to force teenagers to do any kind of unsalaried
work./While I disagree with the idea of making such programs compulsory. I do believe
that voluntary community service could benefit young people .
3. Problem and solution
Many criminals reoffend after they have been punished . Why do some people
continue to commit crimes after they have been punished , and what measures can
be taken to tackle this problem ?
Plan : Topic – criminals reoffend
Answer – several reasons , a variety of measures ( governments , communities )
It is true that punishments do not always deter criminals from committing more
crimes . there are various reasons why offenders repeatedly break the law , but
governments could certainly take steps to address this issue .
4. Two – part question
As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work , job satisfaction is
an important element of individual well-being . What factors contribute to job
satisfaction ? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers ?
随着大多数人成年后大部分时间都在工作中度过，工作满意度是个人幸福感的一个重要因素。什么因素有助于工作满意度？对所有工人的工作满意度期望有多现实？
Plan : Topic – job satisfaction
Answer – several factors , unrealistic/impossible
Work plays a central role in our lives , and we would all like to feel fulfilled
professionally . While a variety of factors may lead to job satisfaction , it would be
unrealistic to expect everyone to be happy at work .
工作在我们的生活中起着核心作用，我们都希望能在职业上感到满足。虽然各种因素可能导致工作满意度，但期望每个人在工作中都快乐是不现实的。
Main body paragraphs两个主要段落
4段式文章：
2个主要段落
每个段落5句话
每个段落90-100个词
2 methods
ideas ， vocabulary ，planning
怎样写主要段落？：2种方式
Firstly , Secondly ,Finally : advantages/disadvantages/problems/solutions
Idea , Explain , Example : one idea/a reason/ an opinion
Firstly , Secondly ,Finally :例题：
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part
of high school programmes .
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
3-minute plan:提纲
—disagree for several reasons
—school timetable is full, no time for community service
—students’ work in other subjects would be affected
—teenagers might not want to do it (reluctant , no motivation )
There are several reasons why I would argue against having compulsory community
service for secondary school students. Firstly, the school curriculum is already full
with important academic subjects, such as maths , science and languages. For example,
I remember having an extremely busy timetable when I was at high school, and it
would not have been possible to add to it. Secondly, students' performance in other
subjects would be affected if valuable study time were taken by charity work or
neighbourhood improvement schemes. Finally , I believe that teenage students
would be reluctant to take part in any programme of obligatory work , and this could
lead to poor motivation and even bad behavior .
我反对为中学生提供义务社区服务有几个原因。首先，学校的课程已经充满了重要的学术科目，如数学、科学和语言。例如，我记得我在高中的时候有一个非常
繁忙的时间表，这是不可能的。其次，如果慈善工作或社区改善计划占用宝贵的学习时间，学生在其他科目的表现会受到影响。最后，我相信青少年学生不愿意参加任何义务性工作的计划，这可能会导致不良的动机，甚至不良的行为。
一共写5句话：第一句主题句，第二句Firstly(第五句解释或举例)，第三句Secondly,第四句Finally
Idea , Explain , Example :
例题
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part
of high school programmes .
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
3-minute plan:提纲
—voluntary(not compulsory)community service is positive
—students more motivated if they can choose
—gain work experience , self confidence ,skills
—good for CVs , career , university admissions , employers
On the other hand, the opportunity to do voluntary community service could be
extremely positive for high school students. By making these programmes optional
schools would ensure that only motivated students took part. These young people
would gain valuable experience in an adult working environment. which could help to
build their self confidence and enhance their skills. Having such experience and skills
on their CVs could greatly improve school leavers' career prospects. For example, a
period of voluntary work experience might impress a university admissions officer or
a future employer.
另一方面，提供志愿社区服务的机会对高中生来说是非常积极的。通过使这些计划成为可选的学校将确保只有有动机的学生参加。这些年轻人将在成人工作环境中获得宝贵的经验。这有助于增强他们的自信心和技能。在简历上有这样的经验和技能可以大大提高离校生的职业前景。例如，一段自愿工作经历可能会给大学招生官或未来的雇主留下深刻印象。
Try to write 5 sentences:
Idea ,
Explain （2 or 3 sentences ）
Example
Conclusions结尾段
2 easy ‘rules’
—never write anything new
—one sentence ：repeat ，summarise
conclusion technique
paraphrase the answer that you gave in your introduction
discussion（＋opinion）
例题：In many cities the use of video cameras in public places is being increased in
order to reduce crime, but some people believe that these measures restrict our
individual freedom.
Do the benefits of increased security outweigh the drawbacks？
Introduction
It is true that video surveillance has become commonplace in many cities in recent
years. While I understand that critics may see this as an invasion of privacy, I believe
that there are more benefits than drawbacks.
Conclusion
In conclusion. I would argue that the advantages of using video security systems in
public places do outweigh the disadvantages.
Opinion
例题：Families who send their children to private schools should not be required to
pay taxes that support the state education system.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Introduction
Some people believe that parents of children who attend private schools should not
need to contribute to state schools through taxes. Personally, I completely disagree
with this view.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I do not believe that any financial concessions should be made for
people who choose private education.
Problem and solution
例题：In the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing.
What problems will this cause for individuals and society? Suggest some
measures that could be taken to reduce the impact of ageing populations.
Introduction
It is true that people in industrialised nations can expect to live longer than ever before.
Although there will undoubtedly be some negative consequences of this trend,
societies can take steps to mitigate these potential problems.
Conclusion
In conclusion, various neasures can be taken to tackle the problems that are certain to
arise as the populations of countries grow older.
2-part question
例题：There are many different types of music in the world today.
Why do we need music? Is the traditional music of a country more important than
the international music that is heard everywhere nowadays?
Introduction
It is true that a rich variety of musical styles can be found around the world. Music is
a vital part of all human cultures for a range of reasons, and I would argue that
traditional music is more important than modern, international music.
Conclusion
In conclusion, music is a necessary part of human existence, and I believe that
traditional music should be given more importance than international music,