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2024年8月23日发(作者：易新文)

旗开得胜

English for Graduates (Paper A No. 20180110)

ing Comprehension (20%)

Part One Directions:

In this part you will hear 3 short talks. Each talk is followed by some questions. You will hear

the talk and questions only once. Listen carefully and answer each question by choosing one

from the four choices marked A, B, C or D. Then mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.

(15%)

Talk 1

Questions 1-5 are based on the talk you have just heard.

I. A. It will be the same size as the US economy.

will be almost the same size as the US economy.

will be twice the size of the US economy.

will be larger in size than the US economy。

A. In 2020

B. In 2025 C. In 2027 D. In 2050

3. A. China will be the first developing country with the world's largest economy.

will reverse the trend of westernization as a result of economic development

and globalization.

will become the world's dominant country with very different civilizational roots

from the West.

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A and C.

4. A. He believes that it is general truth.

warns that it is a sign of hostility.

criticizes it as wishful thinking.

thinks that it is an illusion.

A. They use western ideas and terms.

overestimate their cultural influence.

don't speak the Chinese language.

ignore the power of civilization.

Talk 2

Questions 6-10 are based on the talk you have just heard.

6. A. A change of government.

map of deaths.

and Whitehead's continued efforts.

B and C.

7. A, Building the sewers in London.

ding immediately to the cholera outbreak in 1866.

ing better medical care to city dwellers.

居民

g everybody to start boiling their water in 1866.

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8. A. critical 批评的 B. pessimistic 悲观的

C. optimistic

appreciative 赏识的

乐观的

9. slowly realized that living in big metropolitan（大都会） cities is unsustainable

as the crowdedness made outbreaks of diseases like cholera unavoidable.

began to realize that keeping domesticated animals and bad living habits

increase the change of cholera outbreaks.

no longer think that it is a healthy thing to take drinking water from wells and

pumps in crowded neighborhoods.

finally realized that sustainable living is

possible in large metropolitan cities with the help of

science and improved city management.

10.

A. New York City will be only 10% of its size.

has created a whole new way of life.

York City will collapse in on itself like Rome.

D. H has spread the influence of Christianity.

Talk 3

Questions 11-15 are based on the talk you have just heard.

11.

A. My drawing will show them what God looks like.

will draw a picture of God.

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C.I will teach them about God's look.

pictures will show what God looks like.

I2. A. 5

B. 4

C. 6 D. 10

13. A. He was telling a lie because he was naughty.

was saying something in place of “frankincense”.

乳香

was blaming 指责 Frank for his mistake

was praising Frank for his performance

14. A. They were born with artistic talents which were not used well.

ors should realize that being wrong means being creative.

are frightened of making mistakes and stigmatize mistakes.

are not afraid of being wrong and are willing to

try.

15. A. Mistakes are the worst thing in the current national education system.

unpredictability of education is extraordinary.

are educating kids out of their creative capacity.

is easier to to be born an artist than to remain an artist as we grow up.

Part Two

Directions:!!! this part, you will hear a talk twice and then write a summary of the

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summary should be around40 words. Please write your answer on Answer Sheet II. (5%)

II. Vocabulary (25%)

Directions: There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four

choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then

blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.

16. Still, that_____of a robot means AlphaGo lacks the human touch required to manage

employees. Counsel patients or adequately write flowing newspaper features about its own

dominance over humans.

水泥 nt剧毒的 ent 工具，器械

ment分

离，分开

17. Of course, the fact that Trump Was the ultimate media showman with a __________ of

controversial political phrases that demand attention and response was a salient factor in

his rise to power.

A. rationale根据，基础理论 B. revenue 收益，财政收入

C. repertoire

ritual仪式

as Walmart moves into the digital space dominated by Amazon, Amazon is________on

the physical realm（领域） to win over more customers.

全部节目

A. encroaching侵占

B. obliterating抹杀 C. tarnishing使失去光泽D. facilitating促

进，使便利

Kong returned from British to Chinese rule in 1997 under a ' one country, two

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systems'' arrangement that guarantees a high degree of__________, including an

independent （独立的）judiciary（司法机构） and freedom of expression.

A. autonomy自治，自主权

B. antecedent在先的 C. variable

ation

summit（峰会，高层会议，最高级的） website has posted___________to victims（受害

人） of bombings in Iraq and cyclones in the Caribbean-but nothing on what international

aid（帮助） agencies describe as the worlds most urgent（紧急的） humanitarian（人道主

义的） crisis（危机）.

A. cassava木薯 ion认知 ce凭证，信任

D. condolences同情，

哀悼

ori, who underwent（经历，承受） elbow（n.肘部，弯头，扶手，弯管 vt.用肘推挤）

surgery（外科手术） and was sidelined（v.使靠边） for almost a year in 2009,

chose________instead of surgery to treat his wrist(手腕) injury.

A. Rehabilitation修复，康复

ation 认可，赞许，批准C. distortion扭

曲，变形 D. depersonalization 去人性化，失性

managers have defined their mission as maximizing the market value of their

clients’________, and in turn demand that firms maximize profits.

A. profiles侧面，外形，轮廓

B. portfolios

perceptions观念，认识，感知

23.A TV show which depicted（[dɪˈpɪkt] 描述，描绘） a bizarre（[bɪˈzɑr]奇怪的） love story

投资组合

gms范式 D.

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between a nine-year-old boy and an 18-year-old woman has been pulled off air following

criticism（[ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm]批判） that it promoted child marriage and was________.

A. progressive进步的sive离题的，离谱的

C. regressive

ious无动于衷的，不受影响的

逆行的，退化的

24. On the timeline, the industrial age has________suddenly and the digital age is blasting

off（爆破，发射） in new directions.

A. fallen away离开

B. fraught with充满 C. fallen out 消失

出，除去

D. taken out 取

l（非法的） crossings have ticked upward（上升） again but remain well below historic

（历史的） the perception（认知，感知） of tougher（坚强的，严格的） law

enforcement（执行） appears to remain a ___________to would-be immigrants.

A. dehumanization 非人性化sation分发，分配 C. disposal处置

D. deterrent

威慑力量；制止的，遏制的

warming in the 21

century is taken as the result of the typically（典型的）______

greenhouse gas concentrations（浓度） that substantively（实质上） interrupt the normal

operation of nature.

A. anthropogenic人为的

B. ecological生态

ical生物学的

C. meteorological气象

administration officials continue to claim the bill will more than pay for itself

by________a flood of economic activity that expands the tax base.

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A. confounding使困惑，使惊讶，混淆

B. unleashing

胜 D. harnessing v.治理；n.马具

释放

C. vanquishing征服，战

than_____disputes between buyers and sellers, the internet company

enabled forums and message boards, as well as the ability to rate users and leave reviews.

ting保证 ing免除，赦免

C. mediating调解

ipating参与

new museum, located along Kalella Avenue, features a large

glass and a 10,000-square-foot balcony(阳台) that bathes（沐浴） the interior（内部） with

natural light.

A. lime石灰杜鹃花 on骨骼，框架

外表，建筑物正面

his as deputy（副的） secretary（秘书）, he pushed for greater

disclosure（披露） of prices associated with medical services to help foster（抚养，培养）

competition（竞争者，竞赛） and contain costs.

A. tenure任期，占有期

景，戏剧性场面）

ty鲁莽，冒失 u （人构成的画面或场

人体躯干，未完成的作品，躯干雕塑品

or buildings make particularly good because they tend to increase in value,

and it’s hard to hide them from creditors（债权人） or banks.

体积，大块，大量 B. cyclone 龙卷风

C. collateral

向

RealReal's experiment last December in New York revealed a particular

_______between on-line and off-line shopping, and a customer base ready and willing to

抵押物

矢量，航

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combine the two.

A. synergy协同作用

type陈规陋习 gy策略 y补贴

the slowdown（减速） in new development is_____________of a decline in luxury sales，

then the strength of apartment sales may suggest a surge in the entry-level and mid-level

markets.

A. bound nt ed了解情况的，见多识广的

matic症

状的

the apples clean, then chill them in an ice bath to bring the temperature down

so the_______heat doesn't cook the apples.

al边缘的 cal经验主义的 C. confidential机密的

al剩余

的，残渣

went on to say Americans enjoy multicultural（多元化） food but cautioned（警

告，小心） that people also need to consider whether they are__________to any diseases

because of their genetic（遗传的） makeup（补充，构造，体格）.

Predisposed

议的，所推荐的）

C. stipulated（v规定，约定;adj.合同规定的） ed吐露，泄露

使用预先有倾向，使易于患病

B. proposed（提出，被提

additional secrets the Russian hackers may have ________ from multiple agencies, by

turning the Kaspersky software into a sort for Sensitive information, is not yet publicly

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known.

d困惑的

扰的，为患的

least three of their six children have a rare neurological（神经学的，神经的） illness that

manifests（清单） itself around age four, causing mental ______, loss of the use of their limbs

and, later. death.

A. incineration焚烧，火葬

B. retardation

ation缓解，缓和

d搜集，拾得

C. ameliorated改善 ed侵

阻滞，延迟

ation内涵，含义

38. Google is resisting a legal request to disclose salary records in a gender discrimination

（歧视） lawsuit（诉讼）, marking the technology company’s latest efforts to prevent _________

of how much it pays its female employees.

ity模棱两可，含糊 B. variability易变性

y过敏，反感，厌恶

C. Scrutiny仔细审查

teach a computer to learn takes _________ reasoning—that is, using data from a small

number of instances to generate hypotheses and theories that apply to a very large number

of cases.

A. inductive归纳的，敏感的，诱导的

tive传导的

ive推论的，演绎的

D. iterative重复的，迭代的

ng owners in commercial or high-density（高密度） residential（住宅的） zones also

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can get city permission to convert apartment buildings for_______occupancy and rent them

out for short stays.

A. transparent透明的

B. transient短暂的，临时的，瞬态，疏忽

tangible n.有形资产;adj.确实的，真实的，实际的 D. tertiary adj.第三的，第三期的，第三纪

的；n.第三系，第三纪，第三级教士

111. Reading Comprehension (20%)

Directions: Read the following passages and choose the best answer to each question.

Passage I

Evidence-based Fitness Programs

There is a new methodology of practicing fitness called evidence-based

fitness.” It is the conscientious,explicit and judicious (明智的) use of current ‘best”

evidence in making decisions about the care of members and clients. This new paradigm in

fitness is gaining traction as a result of the current trend in medicine to use evidence-based

methods. Basically, the practice of evidence-based fitness means integrating individual

clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research.

In other words, take the best scientific evidence. apply it not to large groups. but to

individual clients. Most fitness professionals depend on anecdotal information to establish

exercise prescriptions for clients and members. Designing exercise prescriptions on

antiquated formulas and the “one size fits all” ideology are fraught with error and

dangerous not only for the healthy member, but especially for those ‘at risk.” With the

increasing number of at-risk individuals joining fitness centers. using the evidence-based

method should he a no-brainer （显而易见的结论) . Everyone is different, so dispensing（分

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配，施予）generalized exercise advice to millions of individuals will not produce optimal (最

佳的) results.

What’s driving the trend?

Several factors are contributing to the use of practice in the fitness industry.

One is that hospitals are experiencing a decline in net revenue due to changes in state and

federal regulations, and they are looking outside their traditional model of sick care for

reimbursement(赔付) strategies. They are attempting to capitalize on what more than

15,000 fitness centers across the U.S. already know:

Fitness/Wellness is a prosperous industry. According to the annual report published by the

Medical Fitness Association(MFA), there arc an estimated 875 hospital_associated fitness

centers currently in the United States and Canada. They have seen an average growth of 12

percent annually since 1985. MFA predictions estimate more than 1,150 centers by 2010.

Obviously, hospitals use the evidence-based model for patient care. and when they become

more involved in the fitness industry, they will incorporate this methodology into the

operation of their fitness facilities.

Why evidence-based fitness?

Improved quality of member care. One benefitofevidence-based fitness includes

improved quality of member and client care. With a systematic and progressive approach

based on independent clinical research, an appropriate periodized prescription can be

formulated, progressing the client on an individualized. safe and guided course of Improved

health.

The promotion of critical thinking. Evidence-based practice requires that the professional

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evaluate each client individually, review the literature and find the best methods to

approach fitness needs. It isno longer acceptable to use a cookie cutter(一成不变的)

approach to clients’ health and fitness. Through critical thinking and evaluations of the

literature, the professional is able to apply up-to-date and valid interventions.

Third party reimbursement. One of the driving motives of the industry to incorporate

evidence-based practice is third party reimbursement. Typically , health insurance

companies will not reimburse for services unless they have proof the intervention was safe

and effective in improving the health of their insured(保户). This requires appropriate

documentation, which will be reviewed according to evidence-based practice.

Building an evidence-based fitness program

Initiating an evidence-based fitness program begins with the ability to collect data(member

information). This is vital for two reasons. First, collection of members’ health history and

demographical(人口统计学的)information will allow staff to better create the exercise

experience” through comparison to the population-based scientific data, and use critical

thinking to create the “perfect” exercise prescription. Second. collecting client data and

storing it according to specific groups, populations, disease risks. etc., allows that database

to be queried (质疑) for any number of purposes,including case studies, variable specific

research and outcomes management. For those critical translates into gold,

relative to third party payers, test and automatically upload the monitor with the

appropriate values to calculate the appropriate raining is also possible to monitor

up to 30 individual heart rates within a radius(半径范围) of 100 yards on a of the

practical use in circuit training-group cycling and special population

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riate heart rates are workout is performed and the data

is stored,Ah,the science of success!

the strength side of the equation,computerized systems exists that

attach directly to new existing equipment(some is proprietary 私有的 and other work with

any equipment),adding an “intelligent” dimension to the workout cial

intelligence allows the system to learn the users’ programs,and coaches them individually

through their workout for better form,safety and tracks their progress for the

work-out and over time.

On strength and cardio(心脏) equipment,a touch screen and/or key displays the workout

for the particular piece of intuitive system coaches the client relative to

speed,form,heart rate etc.,and tracks the workout the scenes,the exercise

data from each station is transmitted to a central database,providing access to a wealth of

information on individual progress and a unique set of motivational system can be

accessed on the workout floor,staff station or on the web.

It is imperative that the professionals and the organization implement evidence-based

fitness to ensure the health and prosperity of their members,and secure their success in the

ately,technology is keeping speed with the advances in healthcare and,in

may scenarios,driving them.

41. According to the text,the “evidence-base fitness” _________________.

A. dispenses generalized exercise advice to millions of individuals.

B. takes the best scientific evidence and applies it to individuals.

C. takes individual clinical expertise and applies it to

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large groups of people.

D. depends on anecdotal information to establish exercise prescriptions for clients.

42. All the following reasons drive the trend to use “evidence-base fitness”,except

that_____________.

A. hospitals are experiencing a decline in net revenue.

B. evidence-based methods become popular in medicine

C. fitness is a prosperous industry now

D. more and more hospitals are merged.

43. Evidence-based fitness program requires that the professional __________.

A. use a cookie cutter approach to clients’ health and fitness

B. formulate a generalized prescription for clients.

C. make and individual evaluation of each client

D. apply up-to-date interventions

44. The first step to build an evidence-based fitness program is _____________.

A. to have access to member information

B. to create exercise prescriptions

C. to negotiate with health insurance companies

D. to invite some fitness professional

45. What helps people take farewell to the typical exercise program?

A. state and federal government

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B. Technology

C. Reimbursement

D. Medical Fitness Association

46. Which should be given priority in selecting software?

A. Language of the software

B. Compatibility with other programs

C. Innovative solutions and ease of use

D. Link with other software packages

47. What’s the most efficient and accurate way to physiologically test the client?

A. Getting their appropriate thresholds

B. Clients’ wearing a heart rate monitor during

workouts

C. Conducting a metabolic rest

D. Automatically uploading the heart rate monitor

48. Which of the following is not allowed by artificial intelligence regarding evidence-based

fitness programs?

A. Coaching client individually through their workout

B. Tracking the workout session

C. Transmitting exercise data to central database

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D. Planning implementation and measuring the

effectiveness of the programs.

49. An appropriately established database is accessible to ________________.

A. Physicians

B. Staff in fitness centers

C. Researchers

D. All of the above

50. What’s the author’s attitude towards the evidence-based fitness programs?

A. Positive

B. Negative

C. Indifferent

D. Doubtful

Passage 2

Over the past century southern black has evolved from a relatively sparse body of

writings,mainly imitative of Euro-American literary forms and thematically focused on the

plight of blacks in the South,to a sophisticated literary canon whose forms and meanings

coalesce to give it distinct identity.

The making of classifications by literary historians can be somewhat risky

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Black poets are discussed separately as a group,for instance,the extend to

which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten,or a

distortion of literary history may caution is particularly relevant in an

assessment of the differences between Black poets at the turn of the century(1900-1909)

and those of the generation of the 1920’ differences include the bolder and more

forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness.

When poets of the 1910’s are considered together,however,the distinctions that literary

historians might make between “conservative” and “experimental” would be of little

significance in a discussion of Black poets,although these remain helpful classifications for

White poets of these nly differences can be noted between “conservative”

Black poets such as Counter Cullen and Claude McKay and “experimental” ones such as

Jean Toomer and Langston Black poets were not battling over old or new

styles;rather ,one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another,whatever his or

her style,for what mattered was racial pride.

Southern black poetry was basically undistinguished before the poet

George Moses Horton and abolitionist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper were the most

prominent,southern black voices in antebellum poets,such as Horton ,Adopted

standard Euro-American poetic techniques and seldom wrote about racial

others,like Harper,used these standard forms primarily to concentrate on issues germane o

southern black -Civil War poets Albery A. Whitman,George lan, and joseph

,Sr.,at times wrote killfully about racial and nonracial topics in conventional poetic

forms.

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However, in the 1920s Black poets did debate whether they should deal with specifically

racial subjects, They asked whether they should only write about Black experience for a

Black audience or whether such demands were restrictive. It may be said, though, that

virtually all these poets wrote their best poems when they spoke out of racial feeling, race

being, as James Weldon Johnson rightly put it, "perforce the thing the Negro poet knows

best”.

At the turn of the century. by contrast, most Black poets generally wrote in the

conventional manner of the age and expressed noble, if vague, emotions in their poetry.

These poets were not unusually gifted, though Roscoe Jamison and G M. McClellen may be

mentioned as exceptions They chose not to write in dialect, which, as Sterling Brown has

suggested, "meant a rejection of stereotypes of Negro life. "and they refused to write only

about racial subjects. This refusal had both a positive and a negative consequence. As

Brown observes, "Valuably insisting that Negro poets should not be confined to issues of

race, these poets committed an error. they refused to look into their hearts and write. These

are important insights, but one must stress that this refusal to look within was also typical of

most White poets of the United States at the time. They, too. often turned from their own

experience and consequently produced not very memorable poems about vague topics,

such as the peace of nature.

Between 1900 and the 1970s the novel has been the most widely read and critically

acclaimed genre in southern black literature. The manner in which it has concerned itself

with the past distinguished it from the general black American novel, the southern white

novel, and the Anglo-American novel. The southern white novel has generally dealt with the

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effects of a real or an imagined past on a present generation, with characters grappling to

come to terms with that past Typically, the southern black novel made the physical and

psychological landscapes of the past a ing part of the novel; it recreated. repopulated, and

critically examined the past as physical setting. Surprisingly, though, southern blacks

produced few novels that can be strictly defined as historical novels.

As the southern black novel evolved, from the 1 9th into the 20th century, its use of

narrative voice blended with other features of southern black narrative prose to produce a

particularly(but not exclusively) southern point of view in the black novel. For more than a

century southern blacks wrote numerous prose narratives, which in their variety conformed

to the autobiographical mode. There have been the fugitive-slave narratives and the

ex-slave narratives; the spiritual social, political, and personal autobiographies; the

confessionals, exemplary lives, the diary-type and journal-type autobiographies; as well as

the autobiographical novel. At times, real-life experiences and incidents were the backdrop

for fictional characters; at other times real-life characters become the nucleus around which

true-to-life(fictional)experiences and incidents are presented. Southern black prose writers

were so attracted to the autobiographical mode that in numerous prose narratives they

drew a very thin line between fiction and fact.

In another genre, southerners were among the earliest (if not the first) black

short-fiction writers in America. Until well past 1900 southern black short fiction in the main

was thematically bout the slave experience and its aftermath and conformed largely to

changes and developments in the short story as an American art form. William Wells Brown,

Frederick Douglass, Frances W. Harper, and a few other southern blacks wrote various types

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of short prose fiction during the 19

Near the turn of the century Charles Waddell Chesnutt

elevated southern black short fiction to the level of literary art. Many of Chesnutt's stories

incorporated characteristics of the American local color movement and, regionally, several

were classified as plantation literature. The tales of white southerner Thomas Nelson Page

and those of Chesnutt exemplified the essential differences between black writers and white

writers in approaches to the plantation South. Through characterization, theme, and

incident black writers of the South repudiated the romantic image of the plantation.

Chesnutt's Uncle Julius, for instance, contradicted the white portrayal of the faithful black

servant, epitomized by Page's Sam and Joel Chandler Harris's Uncle Remus. The idyllic

portrait of plantation life created by white writers was in stark contrast to the image

Chesnutt and other blacks showed of a system infested with greed, inhumanity, deception,

and cruelty.

Southern black writers also embellished conventional short-fiction forms by adding

features that reflected black life in the South. One such feature was the double entendre, a

characteristic of narrative expression rooted especially in the secular and sacred music of

the black South. A part of the trickster motif, it helped shape not only characterization but

also plot structure, language, and meaning in the different forms of southern black short

fiction. Chesnutt's The Conjure Woman(1899)exemplified the black writer's skillful use of

double entendre.

The merits of southern black literature have been widely acclaimed nationally and

internationally. Ellisons Invisible Man won a National Book Award: McPherson's collection of

short fiction. Elbow Room, was awarded a Pulitzer Prize, as was Alice Walker's novel The

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Color Purple(1982). The numerous awards, prizes, and distinctions accorded to works by

blacks of southern origin throughout this century testify to the place they hold within the

larger world of

American literature

51. According to the passage, most turn-of-the-century Black poets generally did which of

the following?

A. wrote in ways that did not challenge accepted literary

practice.

B. described scenes from their own lives

C Interpreted the frustrations of Blacks to an audience of Whites.

D aroused patriotic feelings by expressing devotions to the land.

52. According to the passage, an issue facing Black poets in the 1920's was whether they

should

A. seek a consensus on new techniques of poetry.

B. turn away from social questions to recollect the tranquility of nature

C. withdraw their support from a repressive society.

D. write exclusively about and for blacks

53. It can be inferred from the passage that classifying a poet as either conservative or

experimental would be of "little significance"(Para. 3) when discussing Black poets of the

1910s and the 1920,s because

A. these poets wrote in very similar styles

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B. these poets were fundamentally united by a sense of

racial achievement despite differences in poetic style.

C. such a method of classification would fail to take account of the influence of general

poetic practice.

D. such a method of classification would be relevant only in a discussion of poets separated

in time by more than 3 decades.

54. In Paragraph 4. what is the meaning of the word"abolitionist"'according to its context?

A. an expert who serves to support a certain governmentauthority

B. an expert who serves to father detailed policy items on laws

C. someone who campaigns for the abolishment of

slavery.

D. someone who strongly objects to a certain political leadership

55. Why does the author quote Sterling Brown in paragraph 6? To

A. present an interpretation of some black poets that contradicts the author's own assertion

about their acceptance of various poetic styles.

B prove that Black poets at the turn of the century wrote less conventionally than did their

White counterparts.

C. disprove James Weldon Johnson's claim that race is what"the Negro poet knows best

D. suggest what were the effects of some Black poets

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decision not to write only about racial subject

56. It can be inferred from the passage that the author finds the work of the majority of the

Black poets at the turn of the century to be

A unexciting

B calming C delightful D inspiring

57. The author would be most likely to agree that poets tend to produce better poems when

they

A declaim noble emotions

B avoid technical questions about style

C write from personal experience

D emulate the best work of their predecessors

58. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward classification as

technique in literary history?

A. enthusiastic

B. wary

D. defensive

59. According to the passage, which of the following is not among the themes of Southern

Black

Literature?

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A. racial issues B. negro life and worldview

C. fugitive-slave narratives

D. literary critics

60. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Southern Black Literature has been acclaimed worldwide and developed a solid foothold

within American literature world.

B. Southern Black Literature has evolved from merely emulation of Euro-American literary

forms

to elaborate works with various styles and distinct identities.

C. Southern Black literature covers exclusively and

thematically racial issues in conventional

literary forms and manners.

D. Southern Black Novels have presented a distinct feature of prose narratives with real-life

experiences and incidents as the context for fictional figure.

IV. Translation (15%)

Part A Please translate the following sentences into Chinese(8%)

1. Since there seems to be no universals of "human nature"that can be used as a basis for

automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for

whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from

there.

既然没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每

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次交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以

此作为出发点。

2. In many developing countries communal lands remain a crucial source of biomass energy,

yet privatization of these lands continues apace - reducing free access to fuel wood and

removing yet another area where cooperative decisions could be made on sustainable

management of fuel wood sources.

在许多发展中国家，公共土地仍是生物质能源的关键来源。然而，

这些土地正在飞速地变成私有土地。土地私有化减少了人们自由获

取燃柴的机会，就燃柴来源进行可持续管理、协同合作做出决定的

又一个领域也随之消亡。

3. Further, once the impact of higher levels of cognitive skills are taken into account, the

significance for economic growth of school attainment, i. e, additional years of schoolin

dwindles to nothing. A country benefits from asking its students to remain in school for a

longer period of time only if the students are learning something as a consequence

进一步说，一旦把高水平认知能力带来的影响考虑在内，在校学习

年数或者说额外教育年数，对于经济增长的影响将减少至无。只有

学生在学校里的确学到了一些东西，一个国家才能从让学生在学校

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里待更长时间中获益。

4. She carried her head high enough--even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if

she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson: as if it had

wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness. Like when she bought the

rat

poison, the arsenic.

她把头抬得高高----甚至当我们深信她已经堕落了的时候也是如

此，仿佛她比历来都更要求人们承认她作为格里尔生家族末代人物

的尊严；仿佛她的尊严就需要同世俗的接触来重新肯定她那不受任

何影响的特质。比如，她那次买老鼠药----砒霜的时候就是如此。

Part B Please translate the following sentences into English (7%)

5中国和欧洲是两大战略力量,肩负推动全球经济发展、促进人类文明进步、维护世界和平的崇高使命。

China and Europe are two major strategic forces. We both

undertake the lofty mission of promoting global economy,

advancing human civilization and progress and

safeguarding world peace.

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7. 一切都像刚睡醒的样子,欣欣然张开了眼。山朗润起来了,水涨起来了,太阳的脸红起来了。

All living beings seem to have woken up from a sound

sleep and opened their eyes cheerfully. Mountains are

greening, waters are welling, and the sun is glowing more

brightly.

8. 中因经济增长的质量效益在提升,这是我们希望看到的、服务业比重继续上升,电子商务、物流快

递等新兴业态快速发展,高技术产业和装备制造业增长快于整个1业,产业结构调整优化"跨了了栏”。

(3%)

The quality and efficiency of China's economic growth is

improving, something that we hope to see. With the

continued rise of the proportion of the service industry,

the rapid development of emerging industries such as

e-commerce, logistics and express delivery, and the

growth of high-tech industries and equipment

manufacturing faster than the entire secondary industry,

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the adjustment and improvement of industrial structure

has progressed by leaps and bounds.

V. Writing (20%)

Directions: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of the two articles that

are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be about 180 words.

Remember to

write neatly.

Passage 1

An attitude is a readiness to act or respond in a particular way to an object, a person, a

group, or

an idea.

A person can hold many attitudes: the many attitudes one has were learned One did not

inherit the attitudes from his parents even though the members of a family often have

similar ideas and

lets. For example, the members of a family may have similar attitudes about exercising or

about watching television. This happens because children learn their attitudes from their

parents Of course, parents do not sit the children down and say,"Today we are going to

teach you an attitude about television. "Instead, attitudes develop in a more gradual and

subtle way. Neither the child nor the parents may even be aware that an attitude is being

taught. Suppose, for example that the parents say things like, "I'm too busy to watch the

junk on television. It rots your mind. "" From these words, their child will learn a different

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attitude about television than if they say, "I really enjoy watching television after a hard day.

It gives me a break and helps me to relax. "So children learn by watching and imitating. If

parents and older children hold strong attitudes about something, a young child is likely to

develop similar attitudes. Many attitudes are learned in the feelings about

spending or saving money or about treating older people politely are likely to be influenced

by your family. Your family is also particularly influential when it comes to religious and

political attitudes.

Although family will undoubtedly have a lasting effect on how you think and feel about

many things, it is seldom the only strong influence on your attitudes. By the time children

reach adolescence, other people their own age become an important influence on their

attitudes and values. Young people during these years are psychologically breaking away

from their families Being accepted by peers becomes extremely important. Thus, the

attitudes of most young people are affected at least for a while by friends and

acquaintances of their own age

Your own personal experience also influences your attitudes. If you have had many bad

experiences in a particular situation, you are likely to develop a negative attitude toward it.

For example, if Roger has had poor luck fishing on a lake several times, he is likely to have a

negative attitude toward fishing there. On the other hand, if Louise has had a good time

whenever she visited her friend in Denver, she will undoubtedly develop a favorable attitude

toward that city as well as toward her friend.

Another influence on your attitudes is the culture in which you grow up. For example, the

Eastern and Western parts of the world have different attitudes toward death. Particular

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attitudes might also be found in different sections of a country or might differ in rural areas

and in cities. People in different places are likely to have different attitudes about such

subjects as work, leisure time family relationships, and public transportation. In general,

your attitudes are affected strongly how you live and where you live.

A common way of classifying attitudes is to think of them as positive or negative. People

who habitually show negative attitudes toward their jobs and the world are called pessimists.

Those who see the brighter, more positive side of life are optimists. Both types of people

may be reacting to the same experience, but they perceive it differently. Thus, a pessimist

might consider a job transfer to be an undesirable change that probably would cause

disappointments and problems, An optimist, however, would see the situation as a new

opportunity and challenge. In both cases,attitudes would affect the person s way of

perceiving the situation.

An appropriate theme for attitude improvement might be"Accentuate the positive;

eliminate the

negative.""Accentuating the positive makes you feel better. You are also a more interesting

person when you have a positive attitude. People like to work with you, to be on your team

in sports, or to attend social events with you. However people change their attitude only

after they perceive situations differently, which doesn’t ordinarily happen easily or quickly.

If a change in either attitude or behavior is desired,where does on begin?Most often it is

suggested that attitudes be changed first, since they tend to result in certain kinds of

behavior However, there is now sufficient evidence to suggest that under certain conditions,

one of the most effective ways to "change the hearts and minds of men" is to begin by

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changing their behavior. In fact, this may even be easier than first trying to change their

attitude.

Attitudes can also be expected to change over time. In part, this results from having new

experiences and developing new understanding and perceptions. As Mark Twain put

it:"When I was a boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant, I could hardly stand to have the

old man around But when I got to be twenty-one, I was astonished at how much he had

learned in seven years”.

The-attitudes of most older adults are relatively stable. They may not change much for the

rest of the person's life. There are several reasons for this. Some older people may simply be

stubborn Others, who may have more knowledge than younger people, are not continuing

to learn at the same pace as younger people, so their attitudes may not be challenged as

much. They may also have become satisfied with their ideas and feelings on many subjects,

and thus have fixed views on politics. religion, economics, and so on. In such a case, they are

not likely to change.

In addition, older people may not have as much contact with as many different people as

they did when they were younger. Since they have settled down socially, there are fewer

people influencing their attitudes. Finally, the attitudes of older people may become so

much a part of what they are that to change their ideas and feelings would be damaging to

their sense of security.

It is valuable to understand attitudes, your own and others, because of their close

relationship to behavior. By understanding attitudes, you can control your own behavior

better. You can also understand the behavior of others better. and thus can better predict

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what someone else might do in a particular situation. Finally, by understanding your own

attitudes, you can see how others are trying to change your attitudes in order to influence

your behavior.

On what basis do you determine the attitudes of others? In many instances, attitudes are

revealed by indirect clues, such as facial expressions and body language. Our thoughts and

feelings are revealed in these ways even when we do not realize it. Paying attention or lack

of it is also an expression of attitude. If you have a negative attitude about an experience

you are having, it probably shows in some way. It is important to realize. however, that facial

expressions and body language can be misinterpreted. Thus someone who is simply not

very expressive may be considered apathetic. We are not always accurate in determining the

attitudes of others, yet we often react toward them as though we knew what they believe

and feel. In sum, attitudes are difficult to determine or change. A little tolerance of others

can help us a lot on the job and in every aspect of living.

(1263words)

Passage 2

Every day, people are swimming in a sea of electromagnetic radiation(EMR) Produced by

electrical appliances, power lines, wiring in buildings, and a slew of offer technologies that

are part of modern life. From the dishwasher and microwave oven in the kitchen and the

clock radio next to your bed, to the cellular phone you hold to your ear--sometimes for

hours each day--exposure to EMR is growing and becoming a serious health threat.

But there's a huge public health crisis looming from one particular threat: EMR from cellular

phones--both the radiation from the handsets and from the tower-based antennas carrying

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the signals-which studies have linked to development of brain tumors, genetic damage, and

other exposure-related conditions.

The cellular phone industry was born in the early 1980s, when communications technology

that

had been developed for the Department of Defense was put into commerce by companies

focusing on profits. This group, with big ideas but limited resources. pressured government

regulatory agencies--particularly the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)to allow cell

phones to be sold without pre-market testing. The pressure worked, and cell phones were

exempted from any type of regulatory oversight, an exemption that continues today.

Today there are more than two billion cell phone users being exposed every day to the

dangers of

electromagnetic radiation(EMR)dangers government regulators and the cell phone industry

refuse to admit exist. Included are: genetic damage, brain dysfunction, brain tumors, and

other

conditions such as sleep disorders and headaches.

However, in December, 2006. an epidemiological study on cell phone dangers published in

the Journal of the National Cancer Institute sent the media into a frenzy. Newspaper

headlines blared ""Danish Study Shows Cell Phone Use is Safe, "while TV newscasters

proclaimed, " Go ahead and talk all you want-it's safe! The news seemed to be a holiday gift

for cell phone users. But unfortunately, it's a flawed study, funded by the cell phone industry

and designed to bring a positive result. The industry's public relations machine is working in

overdrive to assure that the study get top-billing in the media worldwide.

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According to Dr George Carlo, the study, by its design, could not identify even a very large

risk Therefore, any claim that it proves there's no risk from cell phones is a blatant

misrepresentation of the data that will give consumers a very dangerous false sense of

security

"Epidemiological studies are targets for fixing the outcome because they 're observational

in nature b instead of experimental, "Dr. Carlo explains. "It's possible to design studies with

pre-determined outcomes that still fall within the range of acceptable science. Thus, even

highly flawed epidemiological studies can be published in peer-reviewed journals because

they're judged against a pragmatic set of standards that assume the highest integrity

among the investigators.”

Key problems with-the study are:

 There are few discernable differences between who was defined as cell phone users and

who

wasn', people defined as exposed to radiation were pretty much the same as those

defined

as not exposed to radiation. With few differences, it's nearly impossible to find a risk.

There were no biological hypotheses tested in the study. It was therefore only a numbers

game

Ignored were mechanisms of disease found in other studies of cell phone radiation effects

including genetic damage, blood-brain barrier leakage, and disrupted intercellular

communication.

The study did not discuss any research supporting the notion that cell phones could cause

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problems in users.

The study itself was inconsistent with cancer statistics published worldwide addressing the

Danish population. This study showed a low risk of cancer overall, when in fact Denmark has

some of the highest cancer rates in the world. This inconsistency suggested that something

in the data does not add up.

The cell phone industry constantly guards its financial interests, but unfortunately, an

unwitting public can be harmed in the process, says Dr. Carlo. "Industry-funded studies in

many cases now produce industry-desired outcomes. By tampering with the integrity of

scientists, scientific systems and public in formation steps over the lines of propriety that are

appropriate for protecting business interests--especially when the casualty of the

interference is public health and safety.

The industry's manipulation of the media to consider only one study at a time obfuscates

the big

picture. Individually, there's little to see. But the depth and breadth of the science that points

to the problem, and the compilation of studies, make the future look frightening. Like the

September 11 tragedy, where no one in government talked to each other and did not see it

coming for lack of a big picture view, the health crisis from cell phone use looms darkly.

"When you put all the science together, we come to the irrefutable conclusion that there's a

mayo health crisis coming, probably already underway, warns Dr. Carlo. "Not Just cancer, but

also

learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, autism, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and

psychological and behavioral problems--all mediated by the same mechanism. That's why

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we're so worried. Time is running out. When you put the pieces of the puzzle together, it's

such a wide ranging problem. It's unlike anything we’ve ever seen before.

The most effective technique against the dangers of cellphone - radiation is keeping the

phone at a distance from the body. Simply using a hands-free headset is a big step.

Headsets keep the cellphone's antenna at a distance of six to seven inches away from the

body, thus eliminating near-field exposure. Wireless headsets should be avoided, as they

draw much more far-field EMR The safest headsets have hollow air tubes, similar to those

used in stethoscopes, instead of wires. They offer protection against both near-field and

far-field exposure. If possible, avoid wearing the phone at your waist, which exposes the hip

bones to radiation. Eighty percent of red blood cells are formed in the hip bones. There are

also newer cell phones available capable of functioning in speaker phone mode. This

enables people to talk on the phone while keeping it at a safe distance from the body. To

conduct conversations using a speaker phone could enable people to use a cell phone

without encountering the intense radiation exposure that occurs when holding it to the ear.

(1035 words)

既然没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每次交往

当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。

2. 在许多发展中国家，公共土地仍是生物质能源的关键来源。然而，这些土地正在飞速地变成私有

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土地。土地私有化减少了人们自由获取燃柴的机会，就燃柴来源进行可持续管理、协同合作做出决定

的又一个领域也随之消亡。

3. 进一步说，一旦把高水平认知能力带来的影响考虑在内，在校学习年数或者说额外教育年数，对

于经济增长的影响将减少至无。只有学生在学校里的确学到了一些东西，一个国家才能从让学生在学

校里待更长时间中获益。

4. 她把头抬得高高----甚至当我们深信她已经堕落了的时候也是如此，仿佛她比历来都更要求人们

承认她作为格里尔生家族末代人物的尊严；仿佛她的尊严就需要同世俗的接触来重新肯定她那不受任

何影响的特质。比如，她那次买老鼠药----砒霜的时候就是如此。

Part B Please translate the following sentences into English (7%)

5. China and Europe are two major strategic forces. We both undertake the lofty mission of

promoting global economy, advancing human civilization and progress and safeguarding

world peace.

6. All living beings seem to have woken up from a sound sleep and opened their eyes

cheerfully. Mountains are greening, waters are welling, and the sun is glowing more brightly.

7. The quality and efficiency of China's economic growth is improving, something that we

hope to see. With the continued rise of the proportion of the service industry, the rapid

development of emerging industries such as e-commerce, logistics and express delivery,

and the growth of high-tech industries and equipment manufacturing faster than the entire

secondary industry, the adjustment and improvement of industrial structure has progressed

by leaps and bounds.（3%）

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Writing (20%)

Passage 1

Attitude is a willingness to react that involves thinking and feeling. Family influences

imperceptibly effect the development and formation of children’s attitudes. Although

family influence is enduring, other factors also affect the development of one’s attitudes.

Peers can effect the attitudes of teenagers who feel it significant to identify with groups.

One’s experience and one’s culture also effect the formation of attitudes.

Attitudes are classified into positive and negative types; positive people are called optimists,

the negative pessimists. People can benefit from improving or intensifying the positive

mind.

Attitudes may change over time because of new experiences or new perceptions. But senior

people change their mind less readily, because some of them are unwilling to, or may be

more knowledgeable than the younger, or satisfied with their fixed ideas, or their fixed

social circle allows less influence, or change of mind undermines their sense of security.

A better understanding of attitudes gains you an insight into your own and others’

behavior; it helps you foresee others’ behavior and how others will influence you.

It’s neither easy to decide exactly others’ attitudes, which are often expressed indirectly,

nor to change. Being tolerant of others is beneficial to our work and life.

Passage 2

First the paper offers a definition and states the danger of people’s exposure to

electromagnetic radiation (EMR) without being aware of it, especially EMR from the cell

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phone.

Then the paper indicates the truth that cell phone was introduced to the market simply for

the sake of profits without safety testing from FDA, thus exposing people to potential

diseases.

However, in 2006 an epidemiological study on cell phone dangers undertaken by Danish

claimed that i was safe to use cell phones , butDr. George Carlo lists 3 reasons [including few

discernable differences between users and non-users, no biological hypotheses and

inconsistence with cancer statistics] to prove that the research funded by the cell phone is

both flawed and misleading , by irrefutably concluding that industry-funded studies just

produce industry-desired outcomes, while the public are kept in the dark [3’].

ThenDr. Carlo mentions some health crisis from the cell phones , including cancer and finally

offers detailed or specific suggestions concerning how to avoid or minimize risks from cell